The E.P.A. Promoted Toxic Fertilizer for Decades

For decades, the Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.) has encouraged the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer, a practice marketed as sustainable waste management. However, evidence reveals that this sludge, often laden with toxic PFAS, also known as “forever chemicals,” contaminates farmland, food, and water sources nationwide. The origin of these chemicals, their risks, and the failure to regulate them present a troubling environmental crisis.

3M’s Early Research and Warnings

In 2000, 3M scientists discovered high levels of PFAS in sewage sludge across cities with no direct industrial ties to the chemicals. PFAS, used in products like nonstick cookware and stain-resistant fabrics, are known for their persistence in the environment and links to severe health issues, including cancer and birth defects.

The company found that wastewater treatment plants did not break down PFAS, which instead accumulated in sludge. This sludge, promoted as biosolids fertilizer, was then spread on farmland. A 3M chemist, Kris Hansen, described the phenomenon as “insidious,” warning that the contamination could infiltrate groundwater and re-enter human systems.

In 2003, 3M presented its findings to the E.P.A., yet the agency failed to act decisively. Instead, it continued to endorse the use of sludge as fertilizer, without requiring testing for PFAS. This inaction persisted despite accumulating evidence from academics, state officials, and whistle-blowers.

PFAS Contamination: A Nationwide Issue

The consequences of spreading PFAS-laden sludge are widespread. Testing has revealed contamination in farmland, milk, and crops, with Maine emerging as the only state to ban sludge fertilizer and systematically test its farms. Meanwhile, federal regulations remain focused on heavy metals and pathogens, leaving PFAS largely unaddressed.

David Lewis, a former E.P.A. microbiologist, warned in the late 1990s that modern sewage contained dangerous chemical mixtures unsuitable for agricultural use. His research, along with findings from others like Rolf Halden of Arizona State University, highlighted the risks, but the agency ignored these early alarms.

The E.P.A.’s Shifting Stance

In recent years, the E.P.A. has acknowledged the dangers of PFAS, designating certain compounds as hazardous substances under the Superfund law and mandating near-zero levels in drinking water. However, efforts to regulate PFAS in biosolids remain incomplete. A promised risk assessment, expected by the end of 2024, would mark a preliminary step toward limiting PFAS in fertilizer.

Farmland and Environmental Risks

Approximately 4.6 million acres of farmland used sewage sludge fertilizer in 2018, and permits exist for nearly 70 million acres. Farmers often lack awareness of the potential contamination risks. In Oklahoma, public backlash against a politician who used sludge fertilizer on his fields led to his primary election defeat, highlighting growing concern over this issue.

Failures in Industrial Regulation

Under the Clean Water Act, wastewater treatment plants can limit PFAS pollution from industries through pretreatment programs. However, the E.P.A. has not enforced comprehensive standards. Cities like Burlington, N.C., and Calhoun, Ga., have implemented local restrictions, compelling industries to address their PFAS discharges directly. Some companies, such as a textile producer, have opted to cease PFAS usage altogether in response.

The Call for Accountability

Environmental advocates argue that chemical manufacturers should bear responsibility for PFAS contamination. Adam Krantz of the National Association of Clean Water Agencies stated, “If these chemical companies were aware of PFAS’ potential dangers and kept it quiet, then these polluters have to pay.” Advocates also stress the need for strengthened federal standards to empower local utilities in holding polluters accountable.

The E.P.A.’s promotion of sewage sludge as fertilizer has inadvertently contributed to a national environmental crisis. Decades of warnings from scientists, whistle-blowers, and research findings were largely ignored, allowing PFAS to contaminate farmland and food supplies. As the agency pledges to address these risks, stakeholders across industries and communities demand stronger oversight and accountability for polluters. With modern water treatment and regulatory reforms, a path to safer and sustainable waste management remains possible.

Alternative Solutions

Reusing human waste as fertilizer provides environmental benefits by reducing landfill and incineration. However, experts like Arjun K. Venkatesan of the New Jersey Institute of Technology stress the need for stricter regulation of chemical contaminants, especially PFAS.

Advanced treatment technologies, including reverse osmosis and activated carbon filtration, can help reduce PFAS in water. Whole-home water conditioners offer additional protection by minimizing exposure through drinking and household use.

Source: New York Times